Dive Into Python

Example 11.6. Testing Last-Modified

>>> import urllib2
>>> request = urllib2.Request('http://diveintomark.org/xml/atom.xml')
>>> opener = urllib2.build_opener()
>>> firstdatastream = opener.open(request)
>>> firstdatastream.headers.dict                       
{'date': 'Thu, 15 Apr 2004 20:42:41 GMT', 
 'server': 'Apache/2.0.49 (Debian GNU/Linux)', 
 'content-type': 'application/atom+xml',
 'last-modified': 'Thu, 15 Apr 2004 19:45:21 GMT', 
 'etag': '"e842a-3e53-55d97640"',
 'content-length': '15955', 
 'accept-ranges': 'bytes', 
 'connection': 'close'}
>>> request.add_header('If-Modified-Since',
...     firstdatastream.headers.get('Last-Modified'))  
>>> seconddatastream = opener.open(request)            
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
  File "c:\python23\lib\urllib2.py", line 326, in open
    '_open', req)
  File "c:\python23\lib\urllib2.py", line 306, in _call_chain
    result = func(*args)
  File "c:\python23\lib\urllib2.py", line 901, in http_open
    return self.do_open(httplib.HTTP, req)
  File "c:\python23\lib\urllib2.py", line 895, in do_open
    return self.parent.error('http', req, fp, code, msg, hdrs)
  File "c:\python23\lib\urllib2.py", line 352, in error
    return self._call_chain(*args)
  File "c:\python23\lib\urllib2.py", line 306, in _call_chain
    result = func(*args)
  File "c:\python23\lib\urllib2.py", line 412, in http_error_default
    raise HTTPError(req.get_full_url(), code, msg, hdrs, fp)
urllib2.HTTPError: HTTP Error 304: Not Modified

	Remember all those HTTP headers you saw printed out when you turned on debugging? This is how you can get access to them programmatically: firstdatastream.headers is an object that acts like a dictionary and allows you to get any of the individual headers returned from the HTTP server.
	On the second request, you add the If-Modified-Since header with the last-modified date from the first request. If the data hasn't changed, the server should return a 304 status code.
	Sure enough, the data hasn't changed. You can see from the traceback that urllib2 throws a special exception, HTTPError, in response to the 304 status code. This is a little unusual, and not entirely helpful. After all, it's not an error; you specifically asked the server not to send you any data if it hadn't changed, and the data didn't change, so the server told you it wasn't sending you any data. That's not an error; that's exactly what you were hoping for.

Example 11.7. Defining URL handlers

This custom URL handler is part of openanything.py.

class DefaultErrorHandler(urllib2.HTTPDefaultErrorHandler):    
    def http_error_default(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers): 
        result = urllib2.HTTPError(                           
            req.get_full_url(), code, msg, headers, fp)       
        result.status = code                                   
        return result                                         

	urllib2 is designed around URL handlers. Each handler is just a class that can define any number of methods. When something happens -- like an HTTP error, or even a 304 code -- urllib2 introspects into the list of defined handlers for a method that can handle it. You used a similar introspection in Chapter 9, XML Processing to define handlers for different node types, but urllib2 is more flexible, and introspects over as many handlers as are defined for the current request.
	urllib2 searches through the defined handlers and calls the http_error_default method when it encounters a 304 status code from the server. By defining a custom error handler, you can prevent urllib2 from raising an exception. Instead, you create the HTTPError object, but return it instead of raising it.
	This is the key part: before returning, you save the status code returned by the HTTP server. This will allow you easy access to it from the calling program.

Example 11.8. Using custom URL handlers

>>> request.headers                           
{'If-modified-since': 'Thu, 15 Apr 2004 19:45:21 GMT'}
>>> import openanything
>>> opener = urllib2.build_opener(
...     openanything.DefaultErrorHandler())   
>>> seconddatastream = opener.open(request)
>>> seconddatastream.status                   
304
>>> seconddatastream.read()                   
''

	You're continuing the previous example, so the Request object is already set up, and you've already added the If-Modified-Since header.
	This is the key: now that you've defined your custom URL handler, you need to tell urllib2 to use it. Remember how I said that urllib2 broke up the process of accessing an HTTP resource into three steps, and for good reason? This is why building the URL opener is its own step, because you can build it with your own custom URL handlers that override urllib2's default behavior.
	Now you can quietly open the resource, and what you get back is an object that, along with the usual headers (use seconddatastream.headers.dict to acess them), also contains the HTTP status code. In this case, as you expected, the status is 304, meaning this data hasn't changed since the last time you asked for it.
	Note that when the server sends back a 304 status code, it doesn't re-send the data. That's the whole point: to save bandwidth by not re-downloading data that hasn't changed. So if you actually want that data, you'll need to cache it locally the first time you get it.

Example 11.9. Supporting ETag/If-None-Match

>>> import urllib2, openanything
>>> request = urllib2.Request('http://diveintomark.org/xml/atom.xml')
>>> opener = urllib2.build_opener(
...     openanything.DefaultErrorHandler())
>>> firstdatastream = opener.open(request)
>>> firstdatastream.headers.get('ETag')        
'"e842a-3e53-55d97640"'
>>> firstdata = firstdatastream.read()
>>> print firstdata                            
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
<feed version="0.3"
  xmlns="http://purl.org/atom/ns#"
  xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
  xml:lang="en">
  <title mode="escaped">dive into mark</title>
  <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://diveintomark.org/"/>
  <-- rest of feed omitted for brevity -->
>>> request.add_header('If-None-Match',
...     firstdatastream.headers.get('ETag'))   
>>> seconddatastream = opener.open(request)
>>> seconddatastream.status                    
304
>>> seconddatastream.read()                    
''

	Using the firstdatastream.headers pseudo-dictionary, you can get the ETag returned from the server. (What happens if the server didn't send back an ETag? Then this line would return None.)
	OK, you got the data.
	Now set up the second call by setting the If-None-Match header to the ETag you got from the first call.
	The second call succeeds quietly (without throwing an exception), and once again you see that the server has sent back a 304 status code. Based on the ETag you sent the second time, it knows that the data hasn't changed.
	Regardless of whether the 304 is triggered by Last-Modified date checking or ETag hash matching, you'll never get the data along with the 304. That's the whole point.